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polyarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, disseminated gonococcal infection, case study, n. gonorrhoeae
Cite this article as: Barton E, Melendez N (August 27, 2022) Disseminated Gonococcal Infection: An Unusual Presentation Resembling a Lupus Flare. Cureus 14(8): e28471. doi:10.7759/cureus.28471
We present a misdiagnosed case of disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI) in a patient with pre-existing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), complaining of sudden onset polyarthralgia and tenosynovitis. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a common sexually transmitted disease. It can present in young adults as cervicitis and urethritis but is often asymptomatic. In rare instances, gonorrhea can advance to DGI with symptoms such as tenosynovitis, dermatitis, and polyarthralgias, seen most commonly in the knees, ankles, elbows, fingers, and toes. Once suspected, DGI is definitively diagnosed with blood cultures or synovial fluid analysis. SLE is associated with an increased risk of disseminated infections, including DGI. Therefore, early diagnosis of DGI is critical for successful treatment and recovery. Providers should therefore be conscientious of the overlap in symptoms between DGI and a lupus flare. The purpose of examining this case is to encourage the inclusion of disseminated N. gonorrhoeae infection as a differential diagnosis in SLE patients presenting with acute arthralgias regardless of genitourinary symptoms.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a gram-negative diplococcus that causes gonorrhea and is transmitted during vaginal, oral, and anal intercourse. Localized manifestations of the disease include vaginal discharge and changes in urinary frequency or pain. Most patients with uncomplicated gonorrhea respond well to a 500 mg ceftriaxone intramuscular injection [1]. However, in 0.5-3.0% of cases, patients will develop disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI) that can progress to septic arthritis in 42%-85% of patients [2,3]. Complement deficiencies and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) coincide and are some of the factors known to increase the risk of gonorrhea and DGI [3]. In this case study, the patient initially presented with symptoms consistent with a lupus flare that was later revealed to be DGI.
We present a case of a 20-year-old African American female with a seven-year history of SLE and biopsy-proven class IV and V lupus nephritis, who presented to the ED with a second left metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint pain of one-day duration. Lupus disease activity was under control with belimumab, prednisone, azathioprine and hydroxychloroquine. Additional medications included nifedipine for hypertension. The patient denied any antecedent trauma and described the pain as constant and aggravated with movement. Physical exam revealed mild tenderness in the left first MTP joint. Imaging of the foot demonstrated no fractures, dislocations, or abnormalities. She was prescribed naproxen for pain and was discharged. Four days later, she returned to the ED with constant aching and burning pain on the left foot, left hand, and right knee. However, the patient's vitals remained stable. A diagnosis of gout was made, and she was prescribed colchicine, but there was no improvement. Two days later, the patient returned to the ED with worsening pain involving more joints, including both hands, the left great toe, and the right leg. No fever, night sweats, or genitourinary symptoms were reported. Physical exam showed mild swelling and tenderness around both first MTP joints, bilateral Achilles tendons, and swelling of index fingers. There was no warmth or erythema. Additional history revealed that the patient was being tapered off steroids around the time the joint pain started. A complete blood count and complete metabolic panel revealed leukocytosis, anemia, hyperkalemia, hyperchloremia, low anion gap, and low creatinine clearance. The patient was admitted with diagnoses of polymyalgia, polyarthralgia, and anemia. She was discharged two days later with the diagnosis of a lupus flare. She was instructed to continue the Medrol Dosepak, resume her home medications, and follow up with pain management and nephrology. In addition to the Medrol Dosepak, she was prescribed Norco, Voltaren topical gel, and indomethacin for acute pain.
The patient was admitted to a different hospital one week later for the fourth encounter with continued joint swelling and pain. The patient was hypertensive at 148/94, tachycardic at 118 bpm, and afebrile with an EKG showing sinus tachycardia but otherwise unremarkable. Her initial blood work showed leukocytosis, anemia, a high CRP of 4.46, and an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of 118 (Table 1). Urinalysis values were all within normal limits except for an elevated urine protein level of 20 mg/dL (Table 2). Serum complement values showed a decreased C3 of 82, positive anti-dsDNA antibodies, and positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA) (Table 3). Previous complement levels one year prior to her current symptoms showed a low C3 of 37, a low C4 of 7, and positive anti-dsDNA antibodies as high as 83.7. Her blood cultures were negative. All X-rays of her joints showed no fractures but did reveal osteopenia and possible signs of inflammatory arthropathy. The rest of the workup came back unremarkable except for a positive Aptima gonococcal DNA endocervical swab (Table 4). The asymmetric polyarthralgia and tenosynovitis on physical exam with a positive gonorrhea test led to the final diagnosis of DGI. Following this diagnosis, the patient was advised to stop azathioprine and lower the prednisone dosage to 20 mg. The DGI was treated with ceftriaxone 1 gram every 24 hours and doxycycline 100 mg twice daily. This treatment showed improvement in the joint pain and was followed by seven more days of IV ceftriaxone and oral doxycycline. Blood work at the time of discharge showed continued leukocytosis with high neutrophils and anemia (Table 1) despite improvement in symptoms. The cause of her anemia was not determined. She was discharged after seven days and followed up with rheumatology with minimal residual joint pain.
MCV: Mean corpuscular volume; MCH: Mean corpuscular hemoglobin; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP: C-reactive protein; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; CPK: Creatine phosphokinase; TIBC: Total iron-binding capacity; GFR: Glomerular filtration rate; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; MCHC: Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration.
It is essential to consider DGI in addition to lupus flare when treating a patient with a history of SLE presenting with asymmetric joint pain. Lower levels of C3 and C4 in patients puts them at a higher risk of infection due to complement-dependent immune defense against Neisserial infections [4]. Female sex, menstruation, and pregnancy are other well-known risk factors for DGI [5]. Lower complement levels also predispose these patients to more severe infection if left untreated, as in this patient [6]. N. gonorrhea can present with various symptoms. An asymptomatic primary mucosal infection is more likely to result in DGI than a primary infection with typical symptoms, which is the case in our patient. Gonorrhea with an asymptomatic presentation may have been acquired days to months before DGI [7]. Asymptomatic primary infection is also more common in women and leads to higher rates of DGI due to delayed diagnosis [8]. DGI has two presentations: arthritis-dermatitis syndrome if there is skin involvement or, less commonly, localized septic arthritis if there is no skin involvement [2]. This patient had a less common presentation with no skin involvement and had symptoms that correspond to the localized septic arthritis presentation of early DGI. The papular skin lesions can start over affected joints and commonly begin as small and erythematous papules if present [8].
This patient was diagnosed and treated according to current guidelines for DGI. The diagnosis was confirmed with an Aptima Combo 2 assay endocervical swab that uses targeted amplification to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae rRNA. Aptima was shown in one study to have 91.3% specificity and 99.3% sensitivity for detecting N. gonorrhoeae, making it a dependable test for diagnosis [9]. Treatment includes ceftriaxone 1g every 24 hours and doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for seven days. Patients with SLE may need treatment for up to 14 days [3]. Patients are also advised to tell anyone they have had sexual contact with within the last 60 days, so they can obtain testing and treatment [5]. Earlier diagnosis and treatment prevent joint damage and disease burden, including pain and emotional distress, in patients. Early treatment is essential in patients with complement deficiency and illustrates the importance of considering DGI in SLE patients with acute asymmetric mono or polyarthralgia.
Diagnosing DGI in a patient with pre-existing SLE can be challenging as symptoms of DGI overlap with symptoms of an SLE flare. It is important to consider a diagnosis of DGI in patients with asymmetric polyarthritis, even in the absence of skin or asymptomatic mucosal infection. If patients with DGI are treated early with antibiotics, and the severity of infection is low, full recovery is expected with a low risk of later manifestations.
Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine (LECOM) Bradenton, Bradenton, USA
Rheumatology, St. Joseph's Hospital, Tampa, USA
Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.
Barton E, Melendez N (August 27, 2022) Disseminated Gonococcal Infection: An Unusual Presentation Resembling a Lupus Flare. Cureus 14(8): e28471. doi:10.7759/cureus.28471
Peer review began: April 03, 2022 Peer review concluded: August 22, 2022 Published: August 27, 2022
© Copyright 2022 Barton et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0., which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
MCV: Mean corpuscular volume; MCH: Mean corpuscular hemoglobin; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP: C-reactive protein; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; CPK: Creatine phosphokinase; TIBC: Total iron-binding capacity; GFR: Glomerular filtration rate; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; MCHC: Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration.
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